On this pageIs safhay par
Bladder cancer kya hai
Masana (bladder) aik khokhla, muscle wala thaila hai jo peshab ko jama rakhta hai jab tak aap usay karne ke liye tayyar na hon. Is ki deewar ki kayi parten hoti hain: aik patli andaroni parat (lining) jo peshab ko chhooti hai, aur aik mazboot muscle ki deewar jo peshab ko bahar nichorti hai. Bladder cancer ka matlab hai ke masanay ke cells bay-qaboo ho kar barhna shuru ho gaye hain, aksar andaroni parat mein.
Sab se zaroori baat yeh jaanna hai ke cancer kitna gehra barh chuka hai, kyunke isi se ilaaj ka faisla hota hai:
- Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer woh cancer hai jo sirf andaroni parat mein ho, ya us ke bilkul neechay, aur muscle tak na pohancha ho. Jab bladder cancer pehli baar pakda jata hai to aksar yehi qism hoti hai. Is ka ilaaj aksar masana nikaale baghair ho sakta hai, lekin yeh dobara aa jata hai, is liye baqaida jaanch zaroori hai.
- Muscle-invasive bladder cancer muscle ki deewar mein barh chuka hota hai. Yeh zyada sanjeeda masla hai aur zyada intensive ilaaj chahta hai, aur kabhi kabhi jism ke doosray hissoon mein phail jata hai.
Peshab mein khoon, ya bladder cancer ki tashkhees, daraa dene wali ho sakti hai. Bohat se log bladder cancer jaldi dhoond lete hain, aur bohat se ka bohat kamyabi se ilaaj hota hai. Aham baat yeh hai ke jaldi jaanch karwayein aur follow-up jari rakhein.
Yeh kitna aam hai
Bladder cancer peshab ke nizaam ke aam cancers mein se aik hai. Yeh mardon mein auraton se zyada milta hai, aur zyada tar 50 saal se oopar ke logon mein, halankeh yeh kisi bhi umar mein ho sakta hai.
Yeh jaanna zaroori hai ke bladder cancer ki alamaat aksar peshab ke infection ya pathri samajh li jati hain, is liye kabhi kabhi yeh der se pakda jata hai. Isi liye peshab mein khoon ki jaanch hamesha theek tarah honi chahiye.
Wajuhaat aur khatray ki cheezein
Koi bhi pakka nahi keh sakta ke aik shakhs ko bladder cancer kyun hota hai aur doosre ko kyun nahi. Kuch cheezein is ka imkaan barhati hain:
- Sigrate peena sab se barhi maloom wajah hai. Is mein cigarette, beedi aur hookah shamil hain. Tambaku ke nuqsandeh ajza khoon mein jatay hain, gurdon se chhanay jatay hain, aur peshab mein masanay ki parat ke saath lagte hain.
- Tambaku ki doosri aqsaam. Chabane wala tambaku jaise naswar aur gutka jism ko kayi tareeqon se nuqsan pohanchate hain. Sab se mehfooz mashwara yeh hai ke tambaku ki har qism chhor dein.
- Kaam ki jagah par chemicals. Kuch rang, chemicals, rubber, paint, chamre ya kapray ki processing mein lambay arsay tak kaam karna imkaan barha sakta hai. Agar aap ne aisi industry mein kaam kiya hai to apne doctor ko batayein.
- Masanay ki lambay arsay ki jalan, maslan baar baar infection, pathri, ya bohat lambay arsay tak laga hua catheter.
- Umar aur mard hona.
- Pehle ke kuch cancer ilaaj, jaise pelvis ki radiotherapy ya kuch chemotherapy dawaein.
Bladder cancer ke bohat se mareezon ne kabhi sigrate nahi piya, aur bohat se sigrate peene walon ko kabhi nahi hota. Meherbani kar ke apne aap ko ya kisi aur ko qasoorwar na thehrayein. Phir bhi, tambaku chhorna har marhale par sab se madadgar kaamon mein se aik hai.
Aam alamaat
Peshab mein khoon
- Dard ke baghair peshab mein khoon sab se aam pehli nishani hai. Peshab laal, gulabi, bhoora, ya chai ya cola jaisa ho sakta hai.
- Yeh aata jata rehta hai. Khoon dekhne ke baad aik din peshab bilkul normal lag sakta hai. Is ka matlab yeh nahi ke masla khatam ho gaya.
- Woh khoon jo nazar nahi aata, kisi aur wajah se kiye gaye peshab ke test mein pakda ja sakta hai.
Peshab ki doosri alamaat
- Peshab ke liye zyada baar jana, ya bohat jaldi mein jana.
- Peshab karte hue jalan ya takleef, aise shakhs mein jis ke peshab ke tests mein infection na ho.
- Baar baar "infection" jo wapas aata rahe.
Baad ki ya zyada barhi hui beemari
- Pait ke nichlay hissay, kamar ya pehlu mein dard.
- Taangon mein soojan.
- Thakan, wazan kam hona ya bhook kam lagna bila wajah.
- Haddiyon mein dard.
Peshab mein khoon hamesha cancer ki wajah se nahi hota. Pathri, infection aur barha hua prostate zyada aam wajuhaat hain. Lekin isay kabhi nazar-andaz na karein, aur isay "garmi" ya "kamzori" par na daalein. Har dafa khoon aane ki jaanch doctor se karwani chahiye.
Tashkhees kaise hoti hai
Doctor aap se alamaat, sigrate peene, kaam ki tareekh aur aam sehat ke baare mein poochein ge aur aap ka muaina karein ge. Aam qadam yeh hain:
- Peshab ke tests, khoon aur infection dekhne ke liye, aur kabhi kabhi abnormal cells ke liye.
- Gurdon aur masanay ka ultrasound. Yeh jaldi hone wala, bedard test hai, aur masanay mein koi ganth ya gurdon ki soojan dikha sakta hai.
- Cystoscopy. Aik patli, lachakdaar camera urethra ke raaste masanay mein daali jati hai taake urologist andaroni parat dekh sakein. Yeh aam tor par jaagte hue, numbing gel ke saath hoti hai aur chand minute leti hai. Takleef mehsoos ho sakti hai, aur baad mein halki jalan ya peshab mein thora khoon aam hai.
- CT urogram, kuch logon mein. Yeh contrast dye ke saath scan hai jo gurdon, masanay tak ki nalion aur masanay ko dekhta hai. Yeh peshab ke baqi nizaam ko dekhne ke liye hota hai.
- TURBT (transurethral resection of bladder tumour). Agar tumour nazar aaye to urologist behoshi mein urethra ke raaste khaas telescope se usay nikalte hain, bahar koi cheera nahi lagta. Tumour laboratory bheja jata hai. TURBT test bhi hai aur pehla ilaaj bhi. Yeh batata hai ke tumour kis qism ka hai, kitna gehra gaya hai, aur muscle tak pohancha hai ya nahi. Baad mein aam tor par thori der catheter laga rehta hai.
Agar tumour muscle tak pohancha ho, ya doctor ko fikr ho ke yeh phail gaya hai, to dekhne ke liye mazeed scan, jaise CT scan ya MRI scan, kiye jatay hain ke yeh kitna door tak gaya hai.
Cystoscopy, CT urogram aur TURBT ki guides jald is website par aayengi.
Aap ke results ko samajhna
TURBT ke baad laboratory ki report sab se zaroori result hai. Is ke baad ki har cheez isi se tay hoti hai. Aam alfaaz mein:
- Grade batata hai ke cancer ke cells kitne abnormal lagte hain. Low-grade cancer aam tor par aahista barhte hain aur aksar wapas aate hain lekin kam hi khatarnaak hotay hain. High-grade cancer zyada tez hone ka imkaan rakhte hain aur un par zyada nazar chahiye.
- Stage batata hai ke cancer kitna gehra barh chuka hai. Jo cancer parat mein ya us ke bilkul neechay ho woh non-muscle-invasive hai. Jo muscle tak pohancha ho woh muscle-invasive hai. Jo jism ke doosray hissoon mein phail gaya ho woh advanced ya metastatic hai.
- Carcinoma in situ parat mein aik chapti, high-grade tabdeeli hai. Yeh zyada gehra cancer nahi, lekin isay sanjeedgi se liya jata hai aur sargarmi se ilaaj kiya jata hai.
- Risk group. Non-muscle-invasive cancer mein doctor tumours ka size, tadaad, grade aur stage mila kar andaza lagate hain ke yeh dobara aane ya zyada gehra jane ka kitna imkaan hai, aur phir ilaaj aur jaanch ka mansooba banate hain.
Apni pathology report hamesha mehfooz rakhein. Apne urologist se kahein ke aasaan alfaaz mein samjhayein. Meherbani kar ke apna result doosray mareezon se na milayein: wohi alfaaz do afraad mein bohat mukhtalif matlab rakh sakte hain.
Ilaaj ke tareeqay
Ilaaj zyada tar is par munhasir hai ke cancer parat mein hai ya muscle tak pohancha hai, aur us ke grade, aap ki aam sehat, aur is par ke aap ke liye sab se zyada kya ahem hai. Aap ke urologist aap ke saath mil kar faisla karte hain, aur aksar aik bari team ke saath, jis mein cancer specialist bhi shamil hota hai.
Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer
Muscle-invasive bladder cancer
Koi dawa khud se shuru, band ya tabdeel na karein. Aap ke liye sahi ilaaj aap ke urologist tay karein ge.
Follow-up
Bladder cancer, khaas tor par non-muscle-invasive qism, kamyab ilaaj ke baad bhi aksar wapas aa jata hai. Baqaida jaanch hi se yeh jaldi pakda jata hai, jab us ka ilaaj aasaan hota hai.
- Har check cystoscopy karwayein. Aap ke urologist aap ke risk group ke mutabiq aik schedule denge. Jaanch shuru mein zyada baar hoti hai aur waqt ke saath kam ho sakti hai. Meherbani kar ke sirf is liye na chhorein ke aap theek mehsoos kar rahe hain. Bohat se dobara aane wale cancer mein koi alamat nahi hoti.
- Peshab mein dobara khoon, ya koi nayi peshab ki alamat, agli appointment ka intezar kiye baghair fauran batayein.
- Masanay ki dawa ka course poora karein, agar di gayi ho, jab tak doctor na rok dein.
- Jo scans bataye jayen woh karwayein. Har visit par apne results saath layein.
- Tambaku ki har qism chhor dein. Is se aap ka ilaaj behtar kaam karta hai aur cancer ke wapas aane ka imkaan kam hota hai. Aap ke doctor chhorne mein madad de sakte hain.
- Din bhar kaafi pani piyein, khaas tor par garmi mein, jab tak doctor kuch aur na kahein.
- Apne kaghazat saath rakhein: pathology reports, operation ke notes, scans aur jaanch ki tareekhein.
- Madad maangein. Cancer ki tashkhees qabool karna bohat mushkil hota hai. Apne ghar walon, doctor ya counsellor se baat karna madadgar hota hai.
Fauran madad kab lein
Agar in mein se koi bhi baat ho, to fauran qareebi hospital ki emergency mein jayein:
- Aap peshab nahi kar patay, ya sirf qatray aatay hain, aur pait ka nichla hissa sooja hua ya dardnak hai. Khoon ke clots masanay ko band kar sakte hain.
- Peshab mein bohat khoon ya gaarhay clots, ya catheter band ho jana.
- Bukhaar ke saath kanpkanpi ya jism ka kaanpna, khaas tor par cystoscopy, TURBT ya masanay ke ilaaj ke baad, ya tabiyat bohat kharab hona.
- Pehlu, kamar ya pait ke nichlay hissay mein shadeed naya dard.
- Nayi uljhan, ghunodgi, ulti ya intehai thakan, jo is baat ki alamat ho sakti hain ke gurdon par bojh hai.
- Taangon mein nayi kamzori ya sunn-pan, ya peshab ya paikhane par qaboo na rehna.
Aam sawalaat
Mujhe peshab mein aik dafa khoon nazar aaya aur phir band ho gaya. Kya sab theek hai?
Nahi. Masanay se khoon aksar aata jata rehta hai. Kisi aur din saaf sample ka matlab yeh nahi ke wajah khatam ho gayi. Aik dafa nazar aane wala khoon bhi doctor, behtar hai urologist, se check karwana chahiye.
Kya peshab mein khoon hamesha cancer hota hai?
Nahi. Pathri, infection aur barha hua prostate zyada aam wajuhaat hain. Lekin chunke bladder cancer bilkul aisa hi lag sakta hai, pakka pata karne ka sirf aik mehfooz tareeqa tests karwana hai: peshab ka test, ultrasound aur aam tor par cystoscopy.
Mere doctor ne kaha ke yeh infection hai. Kya phir bhi tests chahiye?
Agar infection ke ilaaj ke baad khoon bilkul band ho jaye, aur koi aur khatray ki cheez na ho, to mazeed tests ki zaroorat nahi bhi ho sakti. Lekin agar khoon wapas aaye, ya ilaaj ke baad bhi na ruke, ya aap sigrate peetay hon ya umar zyada ho, to aap ko urologist ko dikhana chahiye. Hamesha apne doctor ka mashwara maanein aur poochein ke cystoscopy ki zaroorat hai ya nahi.
Kya mujhe sigrate, naswar aur gutka chhorna parega?
Haan, tambaku ki har qism. Sigrate peena bladder cancer aur us ke dobara aane ka imkaan barhata hai, aur chabane wala tambaku jism ko kayi aur tareeqon se nuqsan pohanchata hai. Chhorna sab se madadgar kaamon mein se aik hai. Agar mushkil ho to apne doctor se madad maangein.
Kya mera masana nikal diya jayega?
Aam tor par nahi. Zyada tar bladder cancer us waqt pakde jatay hain jab woh abhi parat mein hotay hain, aur un ka ilaaj masana nikaale baghair hota hai. Masana nikalna zyada tar tab tajweez hota hai jab cancer muscle mein barh chuka ho, ya jab koi high-risk cancer baar baar wapas aaye. Aap ke urologist batayein ge ke aap par yeh laagu hota hai ya nahi.
Kya mujhe peshab ke liye bag lagana parega?
Sirf tab jab masana nikalna pare, aur tab bhi mukhtalif options hote hain, jin mein se sab mein bag nahi hota. Aap ke urologist aur specialist nurse aap ko intikhabaat samjhayein ge aur sikhayein ge ke kya karna hai. Zyada tar log achhi tarah dhal jatay hain.
Kya jari booti ya desi nuskhe is ka ilaaj kar sakte hain?
Nahi. Kisi jari booti, hakeem ki dawa ya khaas khoraak ke baare mein yeh sabit nahi hua ke woh bladder cancer ka ilaaj karti hai. Sahi ilaaj mein der sab se bara khatra hai. Jo bhi aap lete hain woh apne doctor ko zaroor batayein, kyunke kuch cheezein ilaaj mein dakhal de sakti hain ya gurdon ko nuqsan pohancha sakti hain.
Kya yeh chhoot se phailta hai, ya meri kisi galti ki wajah se hua?
Yeh chhoot ki beemari nahi hai. Sigrate peena aur kaam ki jagah ke kuch chemicals imkaan barhate hain, lekin bladder cancer ke bohat se mareezon mein in mein se kuch bhi nahi hota. Meherbani kar ke apne aap ko qasoorwar na thehrayein.
What bladder cancer is
The bladder is a hollow, muscular bag that stores urine until you are ready to pass it. Its wall has layers: a thin inner lining that touches the urine, and a thicker muscle wall that squeezes the urine out. Bladder cancer means that cells in the bladder have started to grow in an uncontrolled way, most often in the inner lining.
The most important thing to know is how deep the cancer has grown, because this decides the treatment:
- Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is cancer that is only in the inner lining, or just beneath it, and has not reached the muscle. This is the most common type when bladder cancer is first found. It can often be treated without removing the bladder, but it tends to come back, so it needs regular checks.
- Muscle-invasive bladder cancer has grown into the muscle wall. It is more serious and needs more intensive treatment, and sometimes spreads to other parts of the body.
Blood in the urine, or a bladder cancer diagnosis, can be frightening. Many people find bladder cancer early, and many are treated very successfully. The key is to get checked promptly and to keep up with follow-up.
How common it is
Bladder cancer is one of the more common cancers of the urinary tract. It is found more often in men than in women, and mostly in people over 50, although it can occur at any age.
It is important to know that the symptoms of bladder cancer are often mistaken for a urine infection or a stone, so it is sometimes found later than it should be. This is why blood in the urine should always be looked into properly.
Causes and risk factors
Nobody can say exactly why one person gets bladder cancer and another does not. Some things raise the chance:
- Smoking is the biggest known cause. This includes cigarettes, beedi and hookah. Harmful substances from tobacco pass into the blood, are filtered by the kidneys, and sit in the urine in contact with the bladder lining.
- Other tobacco products. Chewed tobacco such as naswar and gutka harm the body in many ways. The safest advice is to stop all forms of tobacco.
- Chemicals at work. Long exposure to certain dyes, chemicals, rubber, paint, leather or textile processing can raise the chance. If you have worked in such an industry, tell your doctor.
- Long-standing irritation of the bladder, for example from repeated infections, stones, or a catheter that has stayed in for a very long time.
- Age and being male.
- Some earlier cancer treatments, such as radiotherapy to the pelvis or certain chemotherapy medicines.
Many people with bladder cancer have never smoked, and many smokers never get it. Please do not blame yourself or anyone else. Stopping tobacco is still one of the most helpful things a person can do, whatever stage of the journey they are at.
Common symptoms
Blood in the urine
- Blood in the urine without pain is the most common first sign. The urine may look red, pink, brown or like tea or cola.
- It can come and go. One day the urine may look normal after you saw blood. This does not mean the problem has gone.
- Blood you cannot see may be found on a urine test done for another reason.
Other urinary symptoms
- Needing to pass urine more often, or very urgently.
- Burning or discomfort when passing urine, in a person whose urine tests do not show infection.
- Repeated "infections" that keep coming back.
Later or more advanced disease
- Pain in the lower tummy, back or side.
- Swelling of the legs.
- Tiredness, loss of weight or loss of appetite without a clear reason.
- Bone pain.
Blood in the urine is not always caused by cancer. Stones, infection and an enlarged prostate are all more common causes. But it should never be ignored or put down to "heat" or "weakness". Every episode needs to be checked by a doctor.
How it is diagnosed
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, smoking, work history and general health, and will examine you. The usual steps are:
- Urine tests, to look for blood and infection, and sometimes for abnormal cells.
- Ultrasound of the kidneys and bladder. It is quick and painless, and may show a growth in the bladder or swelling of the kidneys.
- Cystoscopy. A thin, flexible camera is passed through the urethra into the bladder so the urologist can see the lining. It is usually done awake, with numbing gel, and takes only a few minutes. It may feel uncomfortable, and mild burning or a little blood in the urine afterwards is common.
- CT urogram, in some people. This is a scan with contrast dye that looks at the kidneys, the tubes to the bladder and the bladder. It is used to check the rest of the urinary tract.
- TURBT (transurethral resection of bladder tumour). If a tumour is seen, a urologist removes it through the urethra under anaesthetic, using a special telescope, with no cut on the outside. The tumour is sent to the laboratory. TURBT is both a test and the first treatment. It tells us what kind of tumour it is, how deep it has grown, and whether it has reached the muscle. You usually have a catheter for a short time afterwards.
If the tumour has reached the muscle, or the doctor is worried that it has spread, more scans, such as a CT scan or an MRI scan, are done to see how far it has gone.
Guides on cystoscopy, CT urogram and TURBT will be added to this website soon.
Understanding your results
The laboratory report after TURBT is the most important result. It guides everything that follows. In general terms:
- Grade describes how abnormal the cancer cells look. Low-grade cancers tend to grow slowly and come back often but rarely become dangerous. High-grade cancers tend to be more aggressive and need closer attention.
- Stage describes how deep the cancer has grown. Cancer in the lining or just under it is non-muscle-invasive. Cancer that has reached the muscle is muscle-invasive. Cancer that has spread to other parts of the body is advanced or metastatic.
- Carcinoma in situ is a flat, high-grade change in the lining. It is not a deeper cancer, but it is taken seriously and treated actively.
- Risk group. For non-muscle-invasive cancer, doctors combine the size, number, grade and stage of the tumours to estimate the chance that it will come back or grow deeper, and then plan the treatment and check-ups.
Always keep your pathology report. Ask your urologist to explain it in plain words. Please do not compare your result with other patients: the same words can mean very different things in two people.
Treatment options
The treatment depends mainly on whether the cancer is in the lining or has reached the muscle, and on its grade, your general health, and what matters most to you. Your urologist decides together with you, and often with a wider team, including a cancer specialist.
Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer
Muscle-invasive bladder cancer
Do not start, stop or change any medicine on your own. Your urologist will decide the right treatment for you.
Follow-up
Bladder cancer, especially the non-muscle-invasive type, often comes back, even after successful treatment. Regular checks are how it is caught early, when it is easy to treat.
- Keep every check cystoscopy. Your urologist will give you a schedule based on your risk group. The checks are frequent at first and may become less frequent over time. Please do not skip them because you feel well. Many returns cause no symptoms.
- Report blood in the urine again, or any new urinary symptom, straight away, rather than waiting for your next appointment.
- Complete your course of bladder medicine if you were given one, unless your doctor stops it.
- Have the scans you are asked to have. Take your results to every visit.
- Stop all tobacco. It helps your treatment work and lowers the chance of the cancer coming back. Your doctor can help you find support to quit.
- Drink enough fluids through the day, especially in hot weather, unless your doctor has told you otherwise.
- Keep your papers together: pathology reports, operation notes, scans and the dates of your checks.
- Ask for support. A cancer diagnosis is a lot to take in. Talking to family, your doctor or a counsellor helps.
When to seek urgent help
Go to your nearest hospital emergency department straight away if you have any of the following:
- You cannot pass urine, or pass only drops, and your lower tummy is swollen or painful. Blood clots can block the bladder.
- Heavy bleeding or thick clots in the urine, or a catheter that has blocked.
- Fever with shivering or shaking, especially after cystoscopy, TURBT or bladder treatment, or feeling very unwell.
- Severe new pain in the side, back or lower tummy.
- New confusion, drowsiness, vomiting or extreme tiredness, which can be signs that the kidneys are under strain.
- New leg weakness or numbness, or loss of control of the bladder or bowel.
Common questions
I saw blood in my urine once and then it stopped. Is it fine?
No. Bleeding from the bladder often comes and goes. A clear sample on another day does not mean the cause has gone. Even a single episode of visible blood should be checked by a doctor, ideally a urologist.
Is blood in the urine always cancer?
No. Stones, infections and an enlarged prostate are more common causes. But because bladder cancer can look just like these, the only safe way to be sure is to have the tests: a urine test, an ultrasound and usually a cystoscopy.
My doctor said it is an infection. Do I still need tests?
If the blood goes away completely once the infection has been treated, and you have no other risk factors, further tests may not be needed. But if the blood returns, or does not clear after treatment, or you smoke or are older, you need to be seen by a urologist. Always follow your doctor's advice and ask whether a cystoscopy is needed.
Do I need to stop smoking, naswar and gutka?
Yes, all tobacco. Smoking raises the chance of bladder cancer and of it coming back, and chewed tobacco harms the body in many other ways. Stopping is one of the most helpful things you can do. Ask your doctor for help if it is hard.
Will I lose my bladder?
Not usually. Most bladder cancers are found when they are still in the lining, and these are treated without removing the bladder. Removal is mainly advised when the cancer has grown into the muscle, or when a high-risk cancer keeps coming back. Your urologist will explain whether it applies to you.
Will I need a bag for urine?
Only if the bladder has to be removed, and even then there are different options, not all of which involve a bag. Your urologist and a specialist nurse will explain the choices and teach you what to do. Most people adapt well.
Can herbal or desi remedies treat it?
No. No herbal product, hakeem's medicine or special diet has been shown to treat bladder cancer. Delay in proper treatment is the main danger. Please tell your doctor about everything you take, because some products can interfere with treatment or harm the kidneys.
Is it contagious, or something I caused?
It is not contagious. Smoking and some workplace chemicals raise the chance, but many people with bladder cancer have neither. Please do not blame yourself.